Kimiya Da Fasaha

Masanin Kimiyya Muslmi Ibn al-Haytham shine ya ƙirƙiro kyamarar dijital ta farko

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Daga selfie zuwa ɗaukar hotuna na iyali, kyamarorin wayar mu sun ba mu damar zama masu daukar hoto. Amma, ko kun san wani masanin kimiyya musulmi a karni na 10, Ibn al-Haytham shine ya kirkiro kyamarar obscura, kyamarar dijital ta farko?

An haife shi a birnin Basra na kasar Iraki a shekara ta 965, Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Alhazen da yaren Latin, ya kasance wani masanin kimiyya na farko wanda tun daga kallon da ya yi na shigar da haske cikin ɗaki mai duhu ya yi babban tunani wajen fahimtar haske da hangen nesa.

Ibn al-Haytham ya kafa sabbin ma’aunai a fannin kimiyyar gwaji sannan ya kammala littafinsa mai tasiri a wajen shekara ta 1027. Ya rubuta littattafai akalla 96. Mafi shahararsa shi ne Littafin Optics ko Kitab al-Manazir wanda aka fassara shi zuwa Latin kuma ya yi tasiri sosai.

Ibn al-Haytham ya yi nazari kan abin da idanuwa suke yi da kuma sunayen muhimman sassan ido. Wannan zane na tsarin gani na Ɗan’adam wanda ya dogara da ainihin zane daga Littafin Optics yana nuna yadda idanu ke haɗe da kwakwalwa.

Ya yi gwaji a wani daki mai duhu da ake kira Al-Beit Al-Muzlim ko kuma Dakin Duhu. Dakin duhu daga baya ya zama sananne da kyamarar obscura.

Camera obscura, a cikin kalmomi masu sauƙi, yana nufin ɗakin duhu. “Camera” Yaren Latin ne, yana nufin ɗakin gida, kuma “obscura” shine duhu da yaren Latin; dakin duhu cikin sauƙin kalmomi. Camera obscura na iya zama ɗakin duhu ko ma ƙaramin akwatin duhu mai ƙaramar ƙofa don ba da damar haske ya shigo.

Tunda hasken ke tafiya cikin layi madaidaiciya, hasken da aka zayyana daga abubuwan da ke wajen akwatin zai fito da kansa a cikin kyamarar obscura.

Ibn al-Haytham ya yi nazari akan yadda haske ke tafiya da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar amfani da gilashin tabarau da madubi. Ya yi nazarin tunani da nazari inda ya kammala da cewa haske yana raguwa lokacin da yake motsawa ta cikin abubuwan da aka sarrafa shi daban-daban.

Ya nuna a labarinsa da bincikensa, wanda aka yi a cikin wani ɗaki mai duhu cewa ta hasken da ke fitowa ta wani ɗan ƙaramin rami ya hango hoton duniyar waje akan bangon duhu da ke gaban ramin – kwatankwacin yadda muke gani. A Masar, Ibn al-Haytham ya mayar da hankali kan samar da manyan ci gaba wajen fahimtar haske da hangen nesa. A lokacin, ya yi babban bincikensa na kimiyya. Yana zaune a cikin wani daki mai duhu, sai ya hango wani haske mai haske a jikin bango wanda ya zama hoton abubuwa a wajen dakinsa. Bayan kallon duhun dakin da ya yi, Ibn al-Haytham ya kara yin gwaje-gwaje da kuma fahimtar cewa: haske ya birkice abubuwan da ke waje, ya bi ta ramin da ke bangon dakin, ya yi hoton. Ya ga kwatancen ido na mutum – dakin duhu ya kasance kamar ido kuma haka mutane ke gani.

Ibn al-Haytham ya kara bincike don fahimtar yadda idanunmu ke aiki. Ya nazarci idanu sosai sannan ya gano wasu sassa masu muhimmanci na ido kamar cornea.

Bayan ya rasu a shekara ta 1039, an fassara littafin Ibn al-Haytham na Optics zuwa Latin, ya ba da ilimi mai mahimmanci ga masana kimiyya da ke jagorantar Renaissance na Turai.

Daga cikin wadanda aikinsa da hanyoyinsa suka rinjayi sun hada da masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Italiya Leonardo da Vinci, masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Jamus Johannes Kepler da masanin kimiya na Ingila Roger Bacon.

Ba don binciken Ibn Haytham ba, da kyamarar da muke amfani da ita don ɗaukar mafi kyawun lokutan rayuwar mu da ba ta wanzu ba. Kafin Ibn Haytham, da yawa daga cikin manyan masana sun yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa tare da yin karin haske kan ka’idojin gani da ke wurin amma ba a samu wani ci gaba na hakika ba.

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